Frances Arnold. Inventor of directed evolution She pioneered a new way to engineer proteins. Her work changed chemistry and biotechnology. In 1956, she was born in the USA. In 1985, she earned her PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley. In 1993, she demonstrated directed evolution for improving enzymes. 1. Directed evolution,
Drew Weissman. Co-inventor of mRNA vaccines He helped make mRNA safe for human use. His work enabled rapid vaccine development. In 1959, he was born in the USA. In 1987, he earned his MD and PhD from Boston University School of Medicine. In 2005, he co-discovered a method to modify mRNA to reduce immune reactions.
Katalin Karikó. Co-inventor of mRNA therapeutics She pioneered messenger RNA for medicine. Her work enabled rapid vaccine development. In 1955, she was born in Hungary. In 1982, she earned her PhD from the University of Szeged in Biochemistry. In 2005, she co-published the key discovery that made mRNA safe for human use. 1. mRNA therapeutics,
J. Craig Venter. Founder of Celera Genomics. He is a pioneer of genome sequencing. His work accelerated human genome research. In 1946, he was born in the USA. In 1975, he graduated from the University of California, San Diego in Biochemistry. In 1998, he founded Celera Genomics. 1. Whole genome shotgun sequencing, a fast method
Feng Zhang. Co-founder of CRISPR genome editing He advanced CRISPR for use in human cells. His work pushed gene editing into medicine. In 1981, he was born in China. In 2009, he completed his PhD in Chemistry at Stanford University. In 2013, he helped develop CRISPR for use in mammalian cells. 1. CRISPR genome editing,
George Church. Founder of Personal Genome Project He pioneered genome sequencing and synthetic biology. His work is shaping the future of genetics. In 1954, he was born in the USA. In 1978, he graduated from Duke University with a degree in Chemistry. In 2005, he founded the Personal Genome Project to make human genome data
Emmanuelle Charpentier. Co-founder of CRISPR-Cas9. She co-discovered CRISPR-Cas9. It revolutionised gene editing globally. In 1968, she was born in France. In 1995, she completed her PhD in Microbiology at Pierre and Marie Curie University. In 2012, she co-discovered CRISPR-Cas9. 1. CRISPR-Cas9, a gene-editing tool that cuts and modifies DNA. 2. It offers hope for treating
Jennifer Doudna. Co-founder of CRISPR-Cas9. She co-invented CRISPR-Cas9. It changed biology worldwide. In 1964, she was born in the USA. In 1989, she completed her PhD in Biochemistry at Harvard University. In 2012, she co-invented CRISPR-Cas9. 1. CRISPR-Cas9, a gene-editing tool that cuts and modifies DNA. 2. It offers hope to treat genetic diseases. 3.
Perception is how the brain interprets the world around us. Scientists are using neural devices to study this process. Brain imaging tools allow researchers to see which regions are active during perception. EEG and functional MRI are commonly used. The occipital cortex and parietal regions are strongly involved. Neural devices help track activity in these
Lucid dreaming is when a person is aware they are dreaming. Scientists are using biotechnology to study and support these experiences. Brain imaging tools allow researchers to observe active regions during lucid dreams. EEG and functional MRI are commonly used in studies. The prefrontal cortex is strongly involved in self-awareness during dreams. Biotech helps track
